Tire performance is strongly governed by tread formulation, and the incorporation of novel, sustainable materials is essential to extend the tire performance magic triangle. In this study, epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) and a bio-based tall-oil-derived additive (ECOSKY) were introduced into a reference tire tread compound. The effects on rheological, mechanical and dynamical properties were investigated. Replacement of NR with ENR increased cross-link density and filler-filler interactions, while localized aggregation reduced compatibility. ECOSKY exhibited mechanical and dynamic properties comparable to those of the reference formulation; however, further optimization is required to improve tire performance.

• The characterization and mechanical behavior of ENR and bio-based oil in tire tread compounds
• The influence of replacing NR with ENR and TDAE oil with ECOSKY on the compound structure and performance
• Performance trade-offs in tire applications, including snow traction, wet grip and rolling resistance