This study explores how additives like plasticizers and resins influence smear wear layer, which is a sticky and degraded rubber layer, and its role in tire wear particle formation. Smear wear was generated using blade abrasion, followed by particle formation via surface abrasion with powder supply. It is revealed that additives significantly alter smear layer properties and particle characteristics. Since TRWP contains tire and road elements and is often coated with various substances, understanding smear layer behavior is essential. The findings provide new insights into the mechanisms of TRWP generation through the dynamics of smear layer.

• Smear wear layer properties and its effect on tire wear particle formation
• New insights into the mechanism of tire wear particle formation
• A novel characterization method to investigate rubber wear phenomena
• How additives such as plasticizers and resins affect the characteristics of tire wear particles
• Influence of mineral powder on the generation of wear particles